5. Use of estimates

The application of generally accepted accounting principles for the preparation of financial statements involves management making accounting estimates based on complex and/or subjective judgements, estimates based on past experience and assumptions regarded as reasonable and realistic on the basis of the information known at the time of the estimate. The use of these accounting estimates has an influence on the book value of the assets and liabilities and on the information about potential assets and liabilities at the reporting date, as well as the amount of revenue and costs in the reference period. The actual results may differ from the estimated results owing to the uncertainty that characterises the assumptions and the conditions on which the estimates are based.

Details are given below about the critical accounting estimates involved in the process of preparing the financial statements and interim reports, since they involve a high degree of recourse to subjective judgements, assumptions and estimates regarding matters that are by nature uncertain. Any change in the conditions forming the basis of the judgements, assumptions and estimates used could have a significant impact on subsequent results.

Impairment of assets

Assets are impaired when events or changes in circumstances give cause to believe that the book value is not recoverable. The events which may give rise to an impairment of assets include changes in business plans, changes in market prices or reduced use of plants. The decision on whether to apply an impairment and the quantification of any such impairment depend on the Company’s management assessment of complex and highly uncertain factors, such as future price trends, the impact of inflation and technological improvements on production costs, production profiles and conditions of supply and demand.

The impairment is determined by comparing the book value with the related recoverable value, represented by the greater of the fair value, net of disposal costs, and the value in use, determined by discounting the expected cash flows deriving from the use of the asset. The expected cash flows are quantified in the light of the information available at the time of the estimate, on the basis of subjective judgements regarding future trends in variables – such as prices, costs, the rate of growth of demand and production profiles – and are updated using a rate that takes account of the risk inherent to the asset concerned.

More information on the impairment test carried out by the Company’s management on property, plant and equipment and on intangible assets can be found in the “Impairment of non-financial fixed assets” section.

Provision for site dismantling and restoration

The Snam Group incurs significant liabilities associated with obligations to remove and dismantle plants or parts of plants. Estimating future dismantling and restoration costs is a complex process and requires the assessment and judgement of the Company’s management in placing a value on the liabilities which will be incurred many years in the future for compliance with dismantling and restoration obligations, which often cannot be fully defined by laws, administrative regulations or contractual clauses. In addition, these obligations are affected by constant changes in technology and in dismantling and restoration costs, as well as the constant growth of political and public awareness regarding matters of health and protection of the environment.

The criticality of estimates of dismantling and restoration costs also depends on the accounting method used for these costs, for which the current value is initially capitalised together with the cost of the asset to which they relate, offset against the provision for risks and charges. Subsequently, the value of the provision for risks and charges is updated to reflect the passing of time and any changes in the estimate as a result of changes in expected cash flows, the timing of their realisation and the discount rates applied. The determination of the discount rate to be used both in the initial valuation of the cost and in subsequent valuations is the result of a complex process which involves subjective judgements on the part of the company’ s management.

Business combinations

The reporting of business combination transactions involves the allocation to the assets and liabilities of the acquired company of the difference between the acquisition cost and the net book value. For the majority of assets and liabilities, the allocation of the difference is carried out by recognising the assets and liabilities at their fair value. The unallocated portion, if positive, is recognised as goodwill; if negative, it is allocated to the income statement. In the allocation process, the Snam Group draws on the available information and, for the most significant business combinations, on external valuations.

Environmental liabilities

The Snam Group is subject, in relation to its activities, to numerous laws and regulations on environmental protection at European, national, regional and local level, including the laws which implement international conventions and protocols relating to the activities carried out. With reference to this legislation, when it is probable that the existence and amount of a large liability can be reliably estimated, provisions are made for the associated costs.

The Group does not currently believe that there will be any particularly significant negative effects on its financial statements due to non-compliance with environmental legislation, including taking account of the interventions already made, however it cannot be ruled out that Snam might incur substantial additional costs or responsibilities, since with the current state of knowledge it is impossible to foresee the effects of future developments, in view of factors such as: (i) the possible emergence of contamination; (ii) the results of current and future refurbishment and the other possible effects arising from the application of the laws in force; (iii) the possible effects of new laws and regulations for environmental protection; (iv) the effects of any technological innovations for environmental cleansing; and (v) the possibility of disputes and the difficulty of determining the possible consequences, including in relation to the liability of other parties and to possible compensation payments.

Employee benefits

Defined-benefit plans are valued on the basis of uncertain events and actuarial assumptions which include, inter alia, the discount rates, the expected returns on the assets servicing the plans (where they exist), the level of future remuneration, mortality rates, the retirement age and future trends in the healthcare expenses covered.

The main assumptions used to quantify defined-benefit plans are determined as follows: (i) the discount and inflation rates representing the base rates at which the obligation to employees might actually be fulfilled are based on the rates which mature on high-quality bonds and on inflation expectations; (ii) the level of future remuneration is determined on the basis of elements such as inflation expectations, productivity, career advancement and seniority; (iii) the future cost of healthcare services is determined on the basis of elements such as present and past trends in healthcare costs, including assumptions regarding the inflationary growth of costs, and changes in the health of the participating employees; and (iv) the demographic assumptions reflect the best estimates of trends in variables such as mortality, turnover, invalidity and others in relation to the population of the participating employees.

Differences in the value of net liabilities (assets) in employee benefit plans, arising due to changes in the actuarial assumptions used and the difference between the actuarial assumptions previously adopted and actual events, occur routinely and are called actuarial gains and losses. Actuarial gains and losses relating to defined-benefit plans are recognised in the statement of comprehensive income. Actuarial assumptions are also used to determine obligations relating to other long-term benefits; to this end, the effects arising from changes to the actuarial assumptions or the characteristics of the benefit are fully recognised in the income statement.

Provisions for risks and charges

In addition to recognising environmental liabilities and obligations to remove property, plant and equipment and restore sites, and liabilities relating to employee benefits, Snam makes provisions relating mainly to legal and tax disputes. The estimate of the provisions for these purposes is the result of a complex process involving subjective judgements on the part of the Company’s management.